Exaggeration: making something into more than what it really is.
Hyperbole: a figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion or create a comic effect.
Understatement: a figure of speech that consists of saying less than what is really meant or saying something with less force than is appropriate.
Incongruity: the quality of disagreeing; being unsuitable or in appropriate. When two unlike objects or people are put together in a story.
Reversal: the point at which the action of the plot turns in an unexpected direction for the protagonist.
Parody: the imitation of a work of literature, art, or music for amusement or instruction.
Sarcasm: a kind of particularly cutting irony, in which praise is used tauntingly to indicate its opposite in meaning.
Irony: a contrast or discrepancy between expectation and reality, between what is said and what is really meant, between what is expected and what actually happens, or between what appears to be true and what is really true.
Ridicule: words intended to belittle a person or idea and arouse contemptuous laughter.
Humor: the quality of a literary or informative work that makes the character and/or situations seem funny, amusing or ludicrous.
Direct Characterization: the narrator or a character in the story tells us what we need to know about a character (very straightforward). For example: "He is poor".
versus
Indirect Characterization: we find out about characters indirectly through thoughts, comments or actions of the characters (not straightforward). For example: "Though a philosopher...he had not found the stone for making gold".
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